Sumer苏美尔
The world's first cities and writing arose among the Sumerian city-states of southern Mesopotamia.世界最早的城市与文字,诞生于美索不达米亚南部的苏美尔城邦。
Every empire, kingdom, and republic that shaped the human story — filter by region, era, and type.塑造人类历史的每一个帝国、王国与共和国——可按地区、时代与类型筛选。
The world's first cities and writing arose among the Sumerian city-states of southern Mesopotamia.世界最早的城市与文字,诞生于美索不达米亚南部的苏美尔城邦。
A Bronze Age civilization of planned brick cities and an undeciphered script across the Indus basin.印度河流域的青铜时代文明,城市规划严整,文字至今未解。
One of the longest-lived civilizations, of pharaohs, pyramids, and hieroglyphs along the Nile.最长寿的文明之一,尼罗河畔的法老、金字塔与象形文字。
Europe's first advanced civilization, a Bronze Age sea power on Crete of palaces and frescoes.欧洲第一个先进文明,克里特岛上以宫殿与壁画著称的青铜时代海权。
Sargon of Akkad forged the world's first multi-ethnic empire.阿卡德的萨尔贡缔造了世界上第一个多民族帝国。
The legendary first Korean kingdom, traditionally founded by Dangun.传说中的朝鲜第一个王国,相传由檀君所建。
The semi-legendary first hereditary dynasty of China, remembered as the founder of the Chinese dynastic tradition.半传说色彩的中国第一个世袭王朝,被视为华夏王朝传统的开端。
A militarized Mesopotamian empire, at its height the largest the world had yet seen.军事化的两河帝国,鼎盛时为当时世界最大。
Home of Hammurabi's law code and, later, the Hanging Gardens and Nebuchadnezzar's splendor.汉谟拉比法典之邦,后有空中花园与尼布甲尼撒的辉煌。
An Anatolian power of early ironworking that fought Egypt to a draw at Kadesh.安纳托利亚的早期冶铁强国,卡叠什之战与埃及打成平手。
The first Chinese dynasty confirmed by writing, famed for oracle-bone script and masterful bronze casting.中国第一个有文字实证的王朝,以甲骨文与精湛的青铜铸造闻名。
The warrior kingdoms of the Homeric age, remembered in the legends of the Trojan War.荷马时代的武士王国,特洛伊战争传说的原型。
Mesoamerica's 'mother culture', famed for its colossal carved stone heads.中美洲的「母文明」,以巨型石雕人头著称。
Levantine seafaring merchants who spread the alphabet across the Mediterranean.黎凡特的航海商人,将字母表传遍地中海。
A Nubian kingdom that once ruled Egypt and built its own steep pyramids at Meroë.努比亚王国,曾统治埃及,在麦罗埃建起自己的陡峭金字塔。
China's longest dynasty; its Mandate of Heaven and feudal order shaped the Spring & Autumn and Warring States ages.中国历时最长的王朝;其「天命」观与分封制孕育了春秋战国时代。
The militarized Greek city-state whose disciplined hoplites became a byword for austerity.军事化的希腊城邦,其纪律严明的重装步兵成为刻苦的代名词。
A Phoenician sea empire and Rome's great rival, home of the general Hannibal.腓尼基人的海上帝国、罗马的劲敌,名将汉尼拔的祖国。
Nomadic horse-archers of the Eurasian steppe, famed for gold work and mounted warfare.欧亚草原的游牧骑射者,以黄金工艺与骑兵战法著称。
The Gangetic kingdom that became the cradle of Indian empires and of Buddhism and Jainism.恒河流域的王国,印度诸帝国及佛教、耆那教的摇篮。
The first Persian empire and the largest of antiquity, spanning from the Indus to the Aegean.第一个波斯帝国,也是古代最大者,自印度河延伸至爱琴海。
The senatorial republic that conquered the Mediterranean and shaped Western law and politics.征服地中海、塑造西方法律与政治的元老院共和国。
The city that invented democracy and gave the world philosophy, drama, and the Parthenon.发明民主的城邦,为世界带来哲学、戏剧与帕特农神庙。
A network of Silk Road city-states whose merchants were the great middlemen of Eurasian trade.丝绸之路上的城邦网络,其商人是欧亚贸易的大掮客。
Alexander the Great's empire, which spread Greek culture from Egypt to India in a single decade.亚历山大大帝的帝国,十年间将希腊文化从埃及传播到印度。
India's first great empire; under Ashoka it embraced Buddhism and spread it across Asia.印度第一个大帝国;阿育王皈依佛教并将其传遍亚洲。
A network of jungle city-states with the Americas' most advanced writing, calendar, and astronomy.丛林城邦网络,拥有美洲最先进的文字、历法与天文学。
Rome's great eastern rival, whose horse-archers guarded the Silk Road's western reach.罗马在东方的劲敌,其骑射手扼守丝路西端。
The first unified Chinese empire under Qin Shi Huang, which standardized script, weights, and the road network.秦始皇建立的中国第一个大一统帝国,统一文字、度量衡与道路。
The first great steppe empire, whose pressure on Han China helped shape the Great Wall.第一个草原大帝国,对汉朝的压力促成了长城的修筑。
A golden age that gave the Chinese ethnic majority its name, opened the Silk Road, and set the imperial template for millennia.奠定「汉」之名的黄金时代,开辟丝绸之路,为此后两千年帝制立范。
One of the ancient world's largest cities, whose Pyramid of the Sun still towers over Mexico.古代世界最大城市之一,太阳金字塔至今矗立于墨西哥。
The Korean kingdom that, allied with Tang, unified the peninsula for the first time.联合唐朝首次统一半岛的朝鲜王国。
The largest of Korea's Three Kingdoms, a martial power spanning Manchuria and the peninsula.朝鲜三国中最强者,尚武,横跨满洲与半岛。
For centuries the master of the Western world, its law, language, and roads outlasting the empire itself.数百年间西方世界的主宰,其法律、语言与道路比帝国本身更长久。
A refined southwestern Korean kingdom that transmitted Buddhism and arts to Japan.朝鲜西南的文雅王国,向日本传播佛教与工艺。
A crossroads empire linking India, Persia, and China that nurtured Greco-Buddhist art.沟通印度、波斯与中国的十字路口帝国,孕育犍陀罗希腊化佛教艺术。
An early Indianized trading state in the Mekong delta, the region's first known kingdom.湄公河三角洲上早期印度化的贸易国家,本区已知最早的王国。
An Ethiopian trading empire, one of the first states to adopt Christianity.埃塞俄比亚的贸易帝国,最早皈依基督教的国家之一。
A seafaring Hindu-Cham civilization along the coast of central Vietnam, famed for its brick towers.越南中部沿海的占族航海文明,以砖塔闻名。
The strongest of the Three Kingdoms, founded by the heirs of the warlord Cao Cao in the north.三国中最强者,由枭雄曹操之嗣建于北方。
The southwestern Three Kingdoms state led by Liu Bei and the strategist Zhuge Liang.三国之一,据西南,刘备立国、诸葛亮辅政。
The last pre-Islamic Persian empire, a Zoroastrian superpower that dueled Rome for centuries.最后一个前伊斯兰的波斯帝国,琐罗亚斯德教超级大国,与罗马缠斗数百年。
The Three Kingdoms power along the lower Yangtze, ruled by the Sun family.三国之一,孙氏据长江下游立国。
The early Japanese state around which the imperial line and a unified realm coalesced.日本早期国家,天皇世系与统一政权由此凝聚。
Briefly reunified China before fracturing; its flight south began centuries of division.曾短暂重新统一中国,旋即分裂,衣冠南渡开启数百年的南北分立。
The 'land of gold' of the western Sahel, grown rich on trans-Saharan gold and salt.西非萨赫勒的「黄金之国」,因跨撒哈拉的金盐贸易而富庶。
A classical golden age of Indian science, mathematics (the zero), art, and Sanskrit literature.印度古典黄金时代,科学、数学(零的概念)、艺术与梵语文学昌盛。
The Christian Roman Empire of the East, which endured for a thousand years after Rome fell.东方的基督教罗马帝国,在西罗马覆灭后又延续千年。
A Xianbei dynasty that unified northern China and drove a sweeping sinicization of the steppe elite.鲜卑所建、统一北方的王朝,推行大规模汉化。
Charlemagne's realm, which briefly reunited Western Europe and revived the title of emperor.查理曼的王国,短暂重新统一西欧并复兴皇帝称号。
The first state to call its people 'Türk', spanning the steppe from Manchuria to the Black Sea.第一个以「突厥」自称的国家,横跨从满洲到黑海的草原。
Reunified China after centuries of division and built the Grand Canal linking north and south.结束数百年分裂、重新统一中国,开凿贯通南北的大运河。
A cosmopolitan zenith of Chinese civilization, its poetry, trade, and prestige radiating across Asia.中华文明兼容并包的鼎盛期,诗歌、贸易与声威远播亚洲。
A Himalayan empire that once seized the Tang capital and adopted Buddhism as its faith.喜马拉雅帝国,曾攻陷唐都,皈依佛教。
The first caliphate, which in a single generation conquered Persia and much of Byzantium.第一个哈里发国,一代之内征服波斯与拜占庭大部。
A Buddhist maritime empire based on Sumatra that dominated the Strait of Malacca trade.以苏门答腊为基地的佛教海上帝国,掌控马六甲海峡贸易。
The caliphate that carried Islam from Spain to the Indus, history's fifth-largest empire.把伊斯兰从西班牙带到印度河的哈里发国,史上第五大帝国。
A merchant republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for a thousand years.称霸地中海贸易千年的商人共和国。
A powerful kingdom in Yunnan that at times rivalled both Tang China and Tibet.雄踞云南的王国,一度与唐、吐蕃鼎足抗衡。
A steppe power allied to Tang China that adopted Manichaeism.与唐结盟的草原强权,信奉摩尼教。
Presided over the Islamic Golden Age of science and learning from Baghdad's House of Wisdom.以巴格达「智慧宫」为中心,主持伊斯兰科学与学术的黄金时代。
The empire that built Angkor Wat, the largest religious monument on Earth.建造了地球上最大宗教建筑吴哥窟的帝国。
A Persian renaissance state in Central Asia, patron of the poet Ferdowsi and of New Persian.中亚的波斯复兴国家,资助诗人菲尔多西与新波斯语。
A Tamil maritime empire whose navies reached Southeast Asia, famed for bronze sculpture and grand temples.泰米尔海上帝国,舰队远至东南亚,以青铜造像与宏伟神庙著称。
The first unification of Burma, whose plain bristles with thousands of Buddhist temples.缅甸的首次统一,其平原上矗立着数千座佛塔。
The first East Slavic state, ancestor of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, converted to Orthodoxy in 988.第一个东斯拉夫国家,俄、乌、白之祖,988 年皈依东正教。
A Mesoamerican power the Aztecs revered as the model of civilization.被阿兹特克人尊为文明典范的中美洲强权。
A Khitan empire straddling steppe and farmland whose name reached Europe as 'Cathay'.契丹所建、横跨草原与农耕的帝国,其名以「契丹(Cathay)」远传欧洲。
The dynasty that gave Korea its Western name and produced the first metal movable type and the Tripitaka Koreana.「Korea」一名之源,创制金属活字、雕印高丽大藏经。
The kingdom of Magna Carta and Parliament, whose institutions shaped the modern state.《大宪章》与议会之邦,其制度塑造了现代国家。
A Buddhist kingdom in Yunnan, successor to Nanzhao, absorbed by the Mongol Yuan.继南诏而起、笃信佛教的云南王国,后被蒙元并入。
A Pacific maritime empire that spread its influence across the islands of Polynesia.把影响力播撒到波利尼西亚群岛的太平洋海上帝国。
An era of commercial revolution, gunpowder, printing, and paper money—economically the most advanced of its day.商业革命、火药、印刷与纸币的时代,经济与技术冠绝当时。
A shifting patchwork of German states that endured, in Voltaire's jibe, as neither holy, Roman, nor an empire.由德意志诸邦组成、疆界流动的松散体,被伏尔泰讥为既不神圣、也非罗马、更非帝国。
Independent Vietnam through the Lý, Trần, and Lê dynasties, repeatedly repelling Chinese and Mongol invasions.经李、陈、黎诸朝独立的越南,屡挫中国与蒙古入侵。
The Capetian and Bourbon kingdom that became early modern Europe's foremost power.卡佩与波旁王朝的王国,成为近代早期欧洲首屈一指的强权。
A Turkic empire that dominated the medieval Middle East and provoked the First Crusade.称霸中世纪中东的突厥帝国,引发第一次十字军东征。
A Tangut state on the Silk Road with its own script, finally destroyed by the Mongols.党项人建于丝路要冲、拥有独特文字的政权,终为蒙古所灭。
A southern African kingdom famed for its massive dry-stone walls.以巨型无浆干砌石墙闻名的南部非洲王国。
The Jurchen dynasty that conquered northern China from the Song before falling to the Mongols.女真所建、夺取宋朝北方半壁的王朝,后亡于蒙古。
A West African kingdom renowned for its guild artisans and superb brass and bronze plaques.以行会工匠及精美黄铜、青铜饰板闻名的西非王国。
Japan's first warrior government, which repelled two Mongol invasions.日本首个武家政权,两度击退蒙古来袭。
Five successive Muslim dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent for three centuries.先后五个穆斯林王朝,统治次大陆大部达三百年。
The largest contiguous land empire in history, forged by Genghis Khan across Eurasia.成吉思汗横扫欧亚建立的、史上最大的陆上连片帝国。
The Central Asian successor khanate of the Mongol Empire.蒙古帝国在中亚的继承汗国。
The empire of Mansa Musa, perhaps history's richest man, and the scholarly city of Timbuktu.曼萨·穆萨(或为史上最富之人)的帝国,学术名城廷巴克图所在。
The Mongol khanate that dominated the Russian principalities for over two centuries.统辖俄罗斯诸公国逾两百年的蒙古汗国。
The Solomonic empire that kept its independence and defeated Italy at Adwa in 1896.所罗门王朝的帝国,保持独立并于 1896 年在阿杜瓦战胜意大利。
The Mongol-founded dynasty that ruled all China, visited by Marco Polo at its height.蒙古人所建、统治全中国的王朝,鼎盛时马可·波罗曾来访。
A Javanese thalassocracy that claimed loose sway over much of the archipelago.爪哇的海洋帝国,声称松散统辖群岛大部。
A six-century Turkish empire astride three continents that ended Byzantium and reached Vienna's gates.横跨三大洲、绵延六百年的土耳其帝国,灭亡拜占庭,兵抵维也纳城下。
The shogunate of the cultured Muromachi age that dissolved into the Warring States period.室町时代的幕府,文化璀璨,末期陷入战国乱世。
A wealthy South Indian Hindu empire whose ruined capital astonished foreign travellers.富庶的南印度印度教帝国,其废弃都城曾令外来旅人惊叹。
A cosmopolitan Siamese kingdom and one of the greatest trading cities of its age.暹罗的国际化王国,当时最繁华的贸易都会之一。
A native Han restoration that sent Zheng He's treasure fleets abroad and completed the Great Wall we know today.汉人复兴的王朝,郑和下西洋,修筑了今日所见的长城。
Tamerlane's conquering empire, whose Samarkand became a jewel of Islamic art and science.跛子帖木儿的征服帝国,撒马尔罕成为伊斯兰艺术与科学的明珠。
A five-century Confucian kingdom that created the Hangul alphabet under King Sejong.延续五百年的儒教王国,世宗时创制谚文(韩文)。
The Malay entrepôt that spread Islam across the archipelago before falling to Portugal.传播伊斯兰教于群岛的马来贸易港,后为葡萄牙所夺。
The pioneer of the Age of Exploration, stringing trading posts from Brazil to Japan.大航海时代的先驱,商站自巴西绵延至日本。
The dominant power of central Mexico, its island capital toppled by Cortés and smallpox.墨西哥中部的霸主,其湖心都城毁于科尔特斯与天花。
The largest empire of pre-Columbian America, knit together by roads across the Andes.前哥伦布美洲最大的帝国,以安第斯山路网连成一体。
A sophisticated Native American league of six nations that influenced ideas of federal union.由六个民族组成的精密北美原住民联盟,曾影响联邦联合的理念。
The largest empire in African history, successor to Mali on the Niger bend.非洲史上最大的帝国,继马里而起于尼日尔河湾。
A steppe khanate that gave rise to the modern Kazakh nation.孕育了现代哈萨克民族的草原汗国。
The first empire 'on which the sun never set', enriched by the silver of the Americas.第一个「日不落」帝国,靠美洲白银致富。
The empire that made Shia Islam Persia's faith and built the splendors of Isfahan.使什叶派成为波斯国教、营造伊斯法罕胜景的帝国。
For a time the largest empire in Southeast Asian history, based in Burma.以缅甸为核心,一度是东南亚史上最大的帝国。
A Persianate Muslim empire of extraordinary wealth that built the Taj Mahal and unified most of India.波斯化的穆斯林帝国,富甲天下,建造泰姬陵,统一印度大部。
One of early modern Europe's largest states, governed by an elected king and a fractious nobility.近代早期欧洲最大的国家之一,由选举产生的国王与桀骜的贵族共治。
A tiny republic that dominated 17th-century world trade and finance during its Golden Age.黄金时代主宰 17 世纪世界贸易与金融的蕞尔共和国。
Two-and-a-half centuries of self-imposed isolation, peace, and urban culture under the Tokugawa.德川氏治下两个半世纪的锁国、太平与市井文化。
A great power that turned the Baltic into a Swedish lake during the 17th century.17 世纪把波罗的海变为内湖的大国。
The last great nomadic empire, destroyed by Qing China in the 18th century.最后一个游牧大帝国,18 世纪为清朝所灭。
China's last imperial dynasty, Manchu-led, which doubled the empire's size before collapsing under foreign pressure.中国最后一个帝制王朝,满洲人主政,疆域倍增,终在内忧外患中崩解。
A Hindu power that broke Mughal dominance and became the last great Indian challenge to the British.打破莫卧儿霸权的印度教势力,成为印度对抗英国的最后强权。
A militarized German kingdom that unified Germany under Bismarck in 1871.军事化的德意志王国,1871 年在俾斯麦领导下统一德国。
A gold-rich Akan empire that long resisted British expansion in West Africa.黄金富庶的阿肯帝国,长期抵抗英国在西非的扩张。
The largest empire in history, covering a quarter of the globe at its height.史上最大的帝国,鼎盛时覆盖全球四分之一土地。
A vast Eurasian empire from Poland to the Pacific, ended by the revolutions of 1917.自波兰延伸至太平洋的欧亚大帝国,1917 年革命将其终结。
The last Burmese dynasty, annexed by the British after three wars.缅甸最后一个王朝,三次英缅战争后被英国吞并。
A federal republic that grew from thirteen colonies into a global superpower.由十三殖民地发展为全球超级大国的联邦共和国。
The Chakri dynasty of Thailand, the only Southeast Asian state never colonized.泰国却克里王朝,东南亚唯一未被殖民的国家。
The Polynesian kingdom that unified the islands, later annexed by the United States.统一群岛的波利尼西亚王国,后为美国吞并。
The union of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, cradle of the Industrial Revolution.大不列颠与北爱尔兰联合王国,工业革命的摇篮。
Napoleon's empire, which dominated continental Europe and spread the ideals of the Revolution.拿破仑的帝国,称霸欧陆并传播革命理想。
The southern African kingdom forged by Shaka, which crushed a British column at Isandlwana.沙卡缔造的南部非洲王国,曾在伊桑德尔瓦纳大败英军。
A South American republic that declared independence from Spain in 1816.1816 年宣布脱离西班牙独立的南美共和国。
Simón Bolívar's short-lived union of the newly liberated northern Andes.玻利瓦尔在新解放的北安第斯建立的短命联合国家。
Independent from Spain in 1821, heir to Mesoamerica's great civilizations.1821 年脱离西班牙独立,中美洲伟大文明的继承者。
South America's largest nation, once the seat of a Portuguese empire in the Americas.南美最大的国家,曾是葡萄牙美洲帝国的所在地。
Direct British Crown rule over the subcontinent, the 'jewel' of the British Empire.英王直接统治的次大陆,大英帝国「王冠上的明珠」。
Unified in 1861 from many states, heir to Rome and the Renaissance.1861 年由诸邦统一,罗马与文艺复兴的继承者。
A multinational Central European empire whose collapse redrew the map after World War I.多民族的中欧帝国,其崩溃在一战后重划了地图。
The Meiji-modernized empire that rose to great-power status before defeat in World War II.明治维新后崛起为列强的帝国,终在二战中战败。
United Germany's industrial powerhouse, a central actor in the road to World War I.统一后德意志的工业强权,通往一战之路的核心角色。
A short-lived modernizing empire, annexed by Japan in 1910.短暂的近代化帝国,1910 年为日本吞并。
A federation of former British colonies on the world's smallest continent.世界最小大陆上由前英国殖民地组成的联邦。
A Pacific nation founded on a treaty between the British Crown and the Māori.建立在英王与毛利人条约之上的太平洋国家。
Asia's first republic, which ended two millennia of imperial rule; since 1949 based on Taiwan.亚洲首个共和国,终结两千年帝制;1949 年后据于台湾。
The modern successor of the steppe, independent from China in 1921.草原的现代继承者,1921 年脱离中国独立。
The world's first communist state and a Cold War superpower spanning eleven time zones.世界第一个共产主义国家,横跨十一个时区的冷战超级大国。
The secular republic Atatürk built from the Ottoman collapse, bridging Europe and Asia.凯末尔在奥斯曼废墟上建立的世俗共和国,横跨欧亚。
The Arabian kingdom that holds Islam's holiest cities and vast oil wealth.拥有伊斯兰圣城与巨额石油财富的阿拉伯王国。
Hitler's totalitarian regime, whose aggression and genocide defined World War II in Europe.希特勒的极权政权,其侵略与种族灭绝定义了欧洲的二战。
The world's largest archipelagic state and most populous Muslim-majority country.世界最大的群岛国家,人口最多的穆斯林占多数国家。
Reunified in 1976 after decades of war, now a fast-growing socialist republic.历经数十年战争后于 1976 年统一,今为快速发展的社会主义共和国。
An archipelagic republic shaped by Spanish and American rule, independent since 1946.经西班牙与美国统治塑造的群岛共和国,1946 年独立。
Postwar Japan, a pacifist constitutional monarchy and a global economic and cultural power.战后日本,奉行和平主义的君主立宪国,全球经济与文化强国。
The world's largest democracy, independent since 1947 and now its most populous nation.世界最大的民主国家,1947 年独立,今为人口第一大国。
Created in 1947 as a homeland for South Asia's Muslims.1947 年为南亚穆斯林建立的家园。
The socialist state on the northern half of the Korean peninsula, founded in 1948.1948 年建于朝鲜半岛北部的社会主义国家。
The republic on the southern peninsula, transformed into a major economy and democracy.半岛南部的共和国,跃升为发达经济体与民主国家。
The modern Jewish state, founded in 1948 at the heart of the ancient Levant.1948 年在古黎凡特腹地建立的现代犹太国家。
Founded in 1949, today the world's most populous state and second-largest economy.1949 年成立,今为世界人口大国与第二大经济体。
Reunified in 1990, today Europe's largest economy and a pillar of the European Union.1990 年重新统一,今为欧洲最大经济体、欧盟支柱。
The modern Arab republic on the Nile, heir to one of humanity's oldest civilizations.尼罗河畔的现代阿拉伯共和国,人类最古老文明之一的继承者。
The Fifth Republic, a nuclear power and founding member of the European Union.法兰西第五共和国,核大国、欧盟创始成员。
Africa's most populous nation, independent from Britain in 1960.非洲人口最多的国家,1960 年脱离英国独立。
Heir to Persia's ancient civilization, an Islamic republic since the 1979 revolution.古波斯文明的继承者,1979 年革命后成为伊斯兰共和国。
The largest landlocked country, independent after the fall of the Soviet Union.世界最大的内陆国,苏联解体后独立。
The largest country on Earth, principal successor of the Soviet Union.世界面积最大的国家,苏联的主要继承者。
The 'Rainbow Nation', democratic since the end of apartheid in 1994.「彩虹之国」,1994 年种族隔离终结后走向民主。